Everything about Geographic totally explained
For the magazine of the Royal Geographical Society, see
Geographical (magazine)}}
Geography (from
Greek γεωγραφία -
geografia) is the study of the
earth and its features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was
Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.). Four historical traditions in geographical research are the
spatial analysis of natural and human phenomena (geography as a study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of man-land relationship, and research in
earth sciences. Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the world and all of its human and natural complexities-- not merely where objects are, but how they've changed and come to be. As "the bridge between the human and physical sciences," geography is divided into two main branches -
human geography and
physical geography.
Introduction
Traditionally,
geographers have been viewed the same way as
cartographers and people who study place names and numbers. Although many geographers are trained in
toponymy and cartology, this isn't their main preoccupation. Geographers study the
spatial and
temporal distribution of phenomena, processes and feature as well as the interaction of
humans and their
environment. As space and place affect a variety of topics such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary.
Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields:
human geography and
physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the
climate,
vegetation & life,
soil,
water, and
landforms are produced and interact. As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is
environmental geography. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans.
The first rigorous system of latitude and longitude lines is credited to
Hipparchus. He employed a
sexagesimal system that was derived from
Babylonian mathematics. The parallels and meridians were sub-divided into 360°, with each degree further subdivided 60′ (
minutes). To measure the longitude at different location on Earth, he suggested using eclipses to determine the relative difference in time. The extensive mapping by the
Romans as they explored new lands would later provide a high level of information for
Ptolemy to construct detailed
atlases. He extended the work of
Hipparchus, using a grid system on his maps and adopting a length of 56.5
miles for a degree.
During the
Middle Ages, the
fall of the Roman empire led to a shift in the evolution of geography from
Europe to the
Islamic world. Scholars such as
Idrisi (produced detailed maps),
Ibn Batutta, and
Ibn Khaldun provided detailed accounts of their
Hajj. Further, Islamic scholars translated and
interpreted the earlier works of the
Romans and
Greeks and established the
House of Wisdom in
Baghdad for this purpose. From the 3rd century onwards,
Chinese methods of geographical study and writing of geographical literature became much more complex than what was found in Europe at the time (until the
13th century). the
Royal Geographical Society in 1830,
Russian Geographical Society in 1845,
American Geographical Society in 1851, and the
National Geographic Society in 1888. The influence of
Immanuel Kant,
Alexander von Humbolt,
Carl Ritter and
Paul Vidal de la Blache can be seen as a major turning point in geography from a philosophy to an academic subject.
Over the past two centuries the advancements in technology such as computers, have led to the development of
geomatics and new practices such as participant observation and geostatistics being incorporated into geography's portfolio of tools. In the West during the 20th century, the discipline of geography went through four major phases:
environmental determinism,
regional geography, the
quantitative revolution, and
critical geography. The strong interdisciplinary links between geography and the sciences of
geology and
botany, as well as
economics,
sociology and
demographics have also grown greatly especially as a result of Earth System Science that seeks to understand the world in a holistic view.
Some influential geographers
Eratosthenes (276BC - 194BC) - calculated the size of the Earth.
Ptolemy (c.90–c.168) - compiled Greek and Roman knowledge into the book Geographia.
Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594) - innovative cartographer produced the mercator projection
Alexander Von Humboldt (1769–1859) - Considered Father of modern geography, published the Kosmos and founder of the sub-field biogeography.
Carl Ritter (1779-1859) - Considered Father of modern geography. Occupied the first chair of geography at Berlin University.
Arnold Henry Guyot (1807-1884) - noted the structure of glaciers and advanced understanding in glacier motion, especially in fast ice flow.
William Morris Davis (1850-1934) - father of American geography and developer of the cycle of erosion.
Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845-1918) - founder of the French school of geopolitics and wrote the principles of human geography.
Sir Halford John Mackinder (1861-1947) - Co-founder of the LSE, Geographical Association of which he later became president, Reading University and author of The Geographical Pivot of History and Heartland Theory.
Walter Christaller (1893-1969) - human geographer and inventor of Central Place Theory.
Yi-Fu Tuan (1930-) - Chinese-American scholar credited with starting Humanistic Geography as a discipline.
David Harvey (1935-) - Marxist geographer and author of theories on spatial and urban geography.
Michael Frank Goodchild (1944-) - prominent GIS scholar and winner of the RGS founder's medal in 2003.
Nigel Thrift (1949-) - originator of non-representational theory.Further Information
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